Abstract
Vibration applied to relaxed muscle or tendon causes tonic reflex contraction in a muscle. Furthermore, when vibration is applied to a muscle, involuntary enhancement of EMG and contraction is induced. Regarding this finding, many studies on the influence of vibration on a muscle and static posture have been performed. However, precedent studies have limitations in applying single characteristic-vibration without any consideration on personal difference on vibration. And studies have been performed to research the change in dynamic state according to the intensity of sensing vibration, but no analysis has been performed on the biomechanical aspect of the lower-limb joints. Nor any consideration was given on the effect of vibration frequency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb joints according to the characteristics of the mechanical vibration stimulation flowing into Achilles tendon and tibialis anterior tendon during gait, in consideration of the vibration perception threshold and vibration frequency. For this purpose, this study measures the vibration perception threshold according to vibration frequency at each tendon exposed to the stimulation. According to the result, vibration perception threshold varies according to vibrating tendon and vibration frequency. Based on the measurement result of vibration perception threshold, vibration is applied to an Achilles tendon and tibialis anterior tendon during gait. In order to analyze the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb joints according to the characteristics of vibration stimulation applied to each tendon during gait, the angle, moment and power of the lower-limb joints is analyzed using 3D motion analysis system. As a result, biomechanical variation, when vibration lower than a perception threshold is applied, is similar to the variation when vibration at perception threshold is applied. This result implies that vibration stimulation may cause biomechanical variation of lower-limb joints. Furthermore, this means that its biomechanical variation may vary according to the characteristics of the vibration applied.
1. Introduction
Sustained vibration applied to initially relaxed skeletal muscle or its tendon induces tonic reflex contraction in a muscle [1]. Moreover, when vibration is applied to a muscle engaged in a weak or moderate voluntary contraction, involuntary enhancement of electromyogram (EMG) and contraction strength is induced [2, 3]. Based on this finding, a number of studies on the influence of vibration on a muscle have been performed.
Burke et al. researched what response occurs when vibration is applied to muscle in non-contracting, isometric contraction condition [4, 5]. Bongiovanni et al. found that EMG develops when vibration is applied to a muscle in initially relaxed condition, and also that EMG and Force develops as vibration is applied when constant effort is maintained [6]. And it is also found that EMG and Force increases momentarily and then abruptly decreases when vibration is applied during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of muscle in a fatigued condition, and EMG and Force shows post-vibratory recovery again when inpouring of vibration is stopped [6]. Based on this result, they revealed that prolonged muscle vibration reduces MVC output [7]. As such, a number of studies have been performed on the influence of vibration on the muscle.
There are many studies on the effect of vibration on posture within a different category from muscles. Eklund et al. reveals, based on their study, that the muscle activation induced by vibration influences postural stability [8]. Subsequently, many studies have been performed on the influence of vibration on posture. Recently applying them, studies have been performed reporting that postural stability is increased or postural sway is reduced when vibration is applied to upright posture, stable posture, and unstable posture [9-12]. As is the case on the studies on postural stability, many studies are reported by applying to muscle performance [12]. Among the related studies, Curry et al. demonstrates that maximal voluntary contraction of muscle increases when vibration stimulation is applied. [14]. Kihlberg et al. demonstrates that intergraded EMG (IEMG) increases [15]. Based on these studies, vibration is often applied to physical training [16]. However, precedent studies have limitations in applying single characteristic-vibration without any consideration on personal difference on vibration. In other words, precedent studies failed to reflect the sensitivity to vibration, i.e. the degree of sensing vibration. Thereafter, studies have been performed to research the change in dynamic state according to the intensity of sensing vibration [17, 18], but no analysis has been performed on the biomechanical aspect of the lower-limb. Nor any consideration was given on the effect of vibration frequency. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb according to the characteristics of vibration stimulation applied during gait, in consideration of vibration perception threshold and vibration frequency.
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
A total of 15 healthy subjects (Age: 26.4±1.5, Height: 171.6±2.7 Weight: 66.1±5.7) participated in this study. All subjects to the experiment have no diseases in their nervous system and musculoskeletal system, capable of gait independently without any assisting device. This study was approved by the IRB of Chonbuk National University (IRB File No. JBNU 2015-06-012).
2.2. Equipment
A Linear actuator (0934, Samsung electro-mechanics, Korea) was used to apply the vibration stimulation on the Achilles tendon and the tibialis anterior tendon. Function generator (8202-2 MHz Generator, Dagatron corp., Korea) was used to moderate the frequency and intensity of the vibration to be applied on these tendons.
To capture the movement in gait, a total of 21 active infrared emitting diode markers were attached to each major joint part according to a whole-body marker set. To collect the infrared light from the markers, a total of 3 Position Sensors (Optotrak Certus, Northern Digital Inc, Canada) were used. To measure the ground reaction force during gait, a total of 4 force plates (Bertec Co., Ltd, U.S.A) were used.
2.3. Vibration application
The Achilles tendon (ACT) and Tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) which could affect the lower-limb muscle through vibration stimulation, were selected as the targeted part for applying. To investigate the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb according to the characteristics of the applied vibration, intensity of vibration was adjusted and vibration perception threshold was measured on the vibration frequency per each tendon exposed to stimulation (Fig. 1). Based on measurement result (Fig. 1) and previously study [19], vibration is applied to tendon during gait.
Fig. 1Vibration perception threshold on Achilles and tibialis anterior tendon (No anyone felt 100 Hz and 120 Hz frequency)
2.4. Vibration stimulation condition
By combining the stimulating part of vibration inpouring and vibration perception threshold, vibration condition is set. In case of no vibration applied, non-stimulation appeared. In case of vibration at perception threshold level (threshold vibration) is applied to Achilles tendon, ACT_100 % appeared. In case vibration at 80 % of perception threshold (sub-threshold) is applied to Achilles tendon, ACT_80 % appeared. In case of applying to tibialis anterior tendon, TAT_100 % and TAT_80 % appeared, respectively. Thus, a total of 13 different vibration stimulation condition were set.
2.5. Protocol
The subjects walked at least 10 m at self-selected speed. The vibration stimulation were randomly applied. The subjects performed gaits 3 times per each stimulation condition. And, they take a break of 3 minutes after finishing each vibration stimulation condition.
2.6. Analysis
To investigate the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb according to the characteristics of vibration applied during gait, a 3-dimensional human musculoskeletal system modeling and analysis software (SIMM, MusculoGraphics Inc., USA) was used. The stance phase during gait was set as the range for analysis. The angle, moment and power of a lower-limb during a stance phase were taken as the analysis parameter. Using the mean angle, moment and power of each joint at three gaits on flat ground, the mean variation at each vibration stimulation condition are presented as the result. Using this, comparative analysis was performed on the comparison between average variations in non-stimulation condition and vibration stimulation conditions, the comparison in average variation according to vibration perception threshold.
3. Results
3.1. Ankle joint biomechanics according to vibration perception threshold
The angle, moment and power of ankle joint are analyzed according to vibration perception threshold, and the result was presented by each part exposed to stimulation (Table 1-2).
When an Achilles tendon is exposed to stimulation, the dorsiflexion increased more than in condition of non-stimulation, at all perception threshold intensity and perception sub-threshold intensity condition (Table 1). Similarly, when tibialis anterior tendon is exposed to stimulation, the dorsiflexion increased more than in condition of non-stimulation, at all perception threshold intensity and perception sub-threshold intensity condition (Table 2). There are increased and decreased pattern in moment. And positive power decreased more than non-stimulation condition, at all vibration stimulation condition.
Table 1Ankle joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in ACT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Ankle joint | Non-stimulation | ACT_100 % | ACT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 12.13±3.44 | 12.44±3.48 | 12.72±3.38 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.719±0.232 | –0.730±0.231 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.106±0.498 | 0.130±0.489 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 12.13±3.44 | 12.26±3.36 | 12.67±3.36 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.717±0.228 | –0.711±0.228 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.142±0.493 | 0.112±0.482 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 12.13±3.44 | 12.32±3.26 | 12.29±3.53 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.727±0.226 | –0.708±0.235 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.115±0.486 | 0.117±0.508 | |
Table 2Ankle joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in TAT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Ankle joint | Non-stimulation | TAT_100 % | TAT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 11.87±3.54 | 12.36±3.65 | 12.53±3.62 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.731±0.231 | –0.718±0.234 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.131±0.531 | 0.100±0.497 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 11.87±3.54 | 12.14±3.61 | 12.24±3.55 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.716±0.230 | –0.724±0.228 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.105±0.500 | 0.113±0.474 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 11.87±3.54 | 12.15±3.63 | 12.13±3.61 |
Moment | –0.718±0.229 | –0.721±0.228 | –0.711±0.232 | |
Power | 0.132±0.497 | 0.112±0.505 | 0.127±0.496 | |
In condition of vibration stimulation on the Achilles and tibialis anterior tendon, the dorsiflexion increase when threshold intensity vibration was applied. This tendency appears at sub-threshold intensity vibration stimulation condition as well. The center of mass (COM) was lowered due to increased dorsiflexion during the stance phase, and this would contribute to the body stability during gait. The movement of the COM is the variable that actually causes the sway of the whole body [20]. The maintenance of stability during gait is dependent on the ability to control COM motion [21]. High stability is characterized by a large base of support, a low center of mass, a centralized center of gravity projection within the base of support, a large body mass [22]. When threshold intensity vibration was applied, positive power decreased in condition of stimulation on the Achilles and tibialis anterior tendon. And this result, appears at perception sub-threshold intensity vibration stimulation condition as well. This means that gradually increase of negative power by plantar flexor. Through this result, it can be assumed that vibration contributed to the absorption of shocks from the ground, support of human body and enhanced stabilization of the joints. Therefore, vibration is found as contributing positively to the stability of ankle joints during gait. And as this tendency appears at sub-threshold, sub-threshold vibration may be assumed as contributing to the stability and function of ankle joints.
Consistent patterns are disappeared according to vibration stimulation in moment of stimulation on tibialis anterior. But, peak of plantar flexor moment increased than non-stimulation condition (Table 3). Thus, tibialis anterior vibration stimulation would contribute to increase of support-moment.
A ankle extensor moment (plantar flexor moment), for example, means that the ankle extensors (soleus, gastrocnemius) are dominant at the ankle joint and the ankle extensors are creating a greater moment than the ankle flexors (tibialis anterior). Collapse of the lower-limb requires a flexion at all three joints (knee, ankle and hip), thus support of the body requires net extensor activity at these joints [23]. The support-moment is the sum of the extensor moments of the three joints of the lower-limb [24]. The sum of the extensor muscles moments of the lower-limb joints must be positive to support the body [25]. When the support-moment is positive, it supports the lower-limbs and prevents their collapse [23]. It also means that when on joint opposes or does not contribute to lower limb support, one or both of the other joints will compensate or the non-contributing joints [23]. Therefore, tibialis anterior stimulation of perception threshold intensity and perception sub-threshold intensity would contribute to lower-limb support and prevents their collapse. Although plantar flexor moment decreased in 190 Hz and 250 Hz_80 % of Achilles tendon stimulation, knee and hip joints will compensate plantar flexor moment.
Table 3Ankle peak plantar flexor moment biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in TAT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Ankle joint | Non-stimulation | TAT_100 % | TAT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Peak plantar flexor moment | –1.397 | –1.424 | –1.416 |
190 Hz | –1.406 | –1.400 | ||
250 Hz | –1.402 | –1.410 | ||
3.2. Knee joint biomechanics according to vibration perception threshold
The angle, moment and power of knee joint are analyzed according to vibration perception threshold, and the result was presented by each part exposed to stimulation (Table 4-5).
Table 4Knee joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in ACT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Knee Joint | Non-stimulation | ACT_100 % | ACT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 17.46±3.71 | 17.68±3.69 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.271±0.079 | –0.270±0.074 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.259±0.087 | –0.270±0.092 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 17.67±3.73 | 17.23±3.64 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.271±0.079 | –0.266±0.074 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.282±0.091 | –0.252±0.081 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 17.24±3.76 | 17.61±3.80 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.267±0.076 | –0.284±0.078 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.286±0.085 | –0.286±0.089 | |
When an Achilles tendon is exposed to stimulation, an increase of flexion and negative power was more prevalent than in condition of non-stimulation, and knee extensor moment of all increased at all vibration stimulation condition (Table 4). When tibialis anterior tendon is exposed to stimulation, the flexion, extensor moment and negative power increased more than in condition of non-stimulation, at all perception threshold intensity and perception sub-threshold intensity vibration condition (Table 5).
When vibration stimulation of perception threshold intensity and sub-threshold intensity applied to tibialis anterior tendon, knee extensor moment and negative power increased more than in non-stimulation condition, at all perception threshold intensity and perception sub-threshold intensity vibration stimulation condition. This means that TAT vibration stimulation of perception threshold intensity and sub-threshold intensity will contribute to decrease of height of center of mass (COM) and to lower-limb support and prevents their collapse.
In ACT stimulation condition, extensor moment increased more than non-stimulation condition and increase of flexion and negative power appeared prevalent. It seems that ACT stimulation positively contribute to body support and prevent lower-limb collapse. And particularly increased knee extensor moment will compensate decreased ankle plantar flexor moment of ACT_190 Hz and 250 Hz_80 %.
Table 5Knee joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in TAT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Knee Joint | Non-stimulation | TAT_100 % | TAT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 18.21±3.74 | 18.16±3.68 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.267±0.081 | –0.277±0.080 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.282±0.091 | –0.312±0.086 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 17.74±3.75 | 17.59±3.65 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.278±0.083 | –0.280±0.080 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.305±0.096 | –0.300±0.092 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 17.50±3.72 | 17.58±3.77 | 17.97±3.70 |
Moment | –0.264±0.079 | –0.279±0.083 | –0.271±0.077 | |
Power | –0.266±0.080 | –0.283±0.089 | –0.275±0.081 | |
3.3. Hip joint biomechanics according to vibration perception threshold
The angle, moment and power of hip joint are analyzed according to vibration perception threshold, and the result was presented by each part exposed to stimulation (Tables 6-7).
Table 6Hip joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in ACT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Hip joint | Non-stimulation | ACT_100 % | ACT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 6.92±7.46 | 7.71±7.55 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –0.115±0.183 | –0.130±0.190 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.406±0.136 | 0.431±0.143 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 7.33±7.70 | 7.54±7.57 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –0.130±0.191 | –0.148±0.191 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.446±0.139 | 0.438±0.135 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 7.45±7.58 | 7.63±7.63 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –0.123±0.191 | –0.127±0.194 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.429±0.136 | 0.434±0.143 | |
Table 7Hip joint biomechanical variation according to vibration perception threshold in TAT stimulation ACT: Achilles Tendon, TAT: Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Hip joint | Non-stimulation | TAT_100 % | TAT_80 % | |
180 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 7.89±7.66 | 8.21±7.68 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –0.140±0.193 | –0.165±0.191 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.446±0.140 | 0.439±0.136 | |
190 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 7.97±7.70 | 7.88±7.65 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –129±0.186 | –0.132±0.192 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.432±0.138 | 0.426±0.137 | |
250 Hz | Angle | 6.77±7.67 | 7.90±7.58 | 8.16±7.66 |
Moment | –0.112±0.192 | –0.122±0.189 | –0.148±0.189 | |
Power | 0.442±0.146 | 0.413±0.136 | 0.427±0.140 | |
Flexion and Extensor moment increased in vibration stimulation condition of all. And decrease of positive power appeared prevalent (Tables 6-7). This result indicate that vibration stimulation of perception threshold intensity and sub-threshold intensity is contribute positively to hip joint function about stability during gait. Also, increased hip extensor moment will compensate decreased ankle plantar flexor moment of ACT_190 Hz and 250 Hz_80 %. And from decreased of positive power, it can be assumed that vibration contributed to the absorption of shocks from the ground, support of human body and enhanced stabilization of the joints.
4. Conclusions
This study investigated the biomechanical variation in the lower-limb according to vibration perception threshold during stance phase, and derives the conclusion as follows.
When vibration is applied to a tendon, the angle, moment and power of the lower-limb is affected to cause variation. And the variation that occurred at threshold vibration stimulation also occurred upon sub-threshold vibration stimulation as well. As a result, increase of flexion and extensor moment and decrease of positive power appeared prevalent in vibration stimulation condition.
Through this result, it can be assumed that vibration stimulation contributed to decrease of height of COM and to lower-limb support and prevents their collapse. Consequently, joint function about absorption of shocks from the ground, support of human body and stabilization of the joints are enhanced.
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About this article
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) (NRF-2014R1A2A1A11053073).
