Abstract
Vibroacoustic Therapy (VT) is a very distinct form of treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vibroacoustic therapy on low back pain management in adolescents. A total of 40 adolescents (13-18 years old) were randomly divided into two equal groups (exercise – control group, and exercise and vibroacoustic therapy – vibroacoustic group), and participated in a 3-week physiotherapy program for back pain management. The participants in both groups performed the same exercise program five times per week. The participants in the vibroacoustic group apart from exercise also received treatment on a special vibro chair set at 4-8 Hz frequency for relaxation. Music was heard through the headphones. Standard tests (Oswestry disability index and the visual analogue pain scale) to assess low back pain were used before and after the intervention to monitor changes. The intensity of low back pain significantly decreased in both groups after the intervention ( < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups in low back pain management in adolescents.
1. Introduction
Low back pain is a very common global health problem and a major cause of disability ‒ affecting general well-being and activity limitation. Low back pain affects people of all ages. The prevalence rate for children and adolescents is lower than that seen in adults but is on the increase [1, 2].
Acute low back pain is mainly treated by means of analgesics [3]. Alternative treatments include physiotherapy, electrotherapy, back schools, and spinal manipulations [4].
Vibration therapy is quite a novel adjunct to exercise that is currently being tested in sports, geriatrics, and rehabilitation [5, 6]. Ordinary mechanical vibrating devices are used to relieve pain and induce relaxation [7]. It is recognized that specific parts of the body respond to specific frequencies. For example, the great muscles of the back are generally stimulated by frequencies in the 50-hertz range. It is also known that to achieve the same focus of sensation in a different subject or in the same subject at a different time, the frequency may have to be changed by several Hz. Vibroacoustic Therapy provides evidence of the physical effect of sound and confirms the fundamental principle that low frequencies can be relaxing [8].
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Vibroacoustic therapy (VT) on the management of low back pain in adolescents treated in a children’s hospital outpatient ward.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
Participants were patients from a Children’s hospital. Forty adolescents (13 boys and 27 girls; mean±SD age: 15.38±1.55 years) met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were: age between 13 and 18 years, ambulatory rehabilitation due to non-specific low back pain, written consent of the parents allowing their child to participate in the study, pain intensity not higher than moderate, no prescription of medications for pain management and no contraindications to vibration exposure (pacemaker, current kidney or gall stones, acute lower back pain, blood clot or thrombosis within the last six months, fracture or joint replacement within the past 12 months, vibration-related injuries, amputation of lower extremities other than toes, diabetes mellitus, tumours).
The participants, matched for age, were randomly divided into two groups: Control (20; performed exercise) and Vibroacoustic (20 performed exercise and got vibroacoustic therapy).
2.2. Intervention
All participants from both groups participated in a 3-week (16 procedures, 30-minute exercise session every working day) physiotherapy program for low back pain management. The physiotherapy program consisted of core stabilization exercises. In addition to the trunk stabilization exercise program participants of Vibroacoustic group received 16 treatment sessions with duration of 20 min. on a special vibro chair set at 4-8 Hz frequency. Music was heard through the headphones.
2.3. Technical characteristics of vibroacoustic chair
“Zen evolution” vibroacoustic armchair (Model ZK2, ZAV2, DVP3520/8, HD202 II West) consists of an armchair with a vibro device built into it (Fig. 1). Vibroacoustic Therapy transmits the pre-recorded music combined with sinusoidal low frequency sound, through a vibroacoustic chair with built-in 4 low sound subwoofers (Fig. 1). Loudspeakers were used to generate the vibrations at a 4-8 Hz frequency, and an audible sound was produced through the headphones. Headphones transmit sound with individually adjustable strength. Technical characteristics of headphones: Voltage of 220 V, ±20 V; Frequency of 50-60 Hz; Power of 120 W. Tone control: Low sounds: ±10 dB at 100 Hz; High sounds: ±10 dB at 20 000 Hz, re-establishing the range of 20 Hz-20 000 Hz.
Fig. 1Vibroacoustic chair (“Zen evolution”)
The Vibroacoustic Therapy lasted for 20 min. The patient determinate comfortable vibration level (scale on switch from 1 to 10), which was not changed during the therapy session.
2.4. Outcome measures
Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (Oswestry Disability Index – ODI) [9]. The purpose of this tool is to assess pain-related disability in persons with low back pain. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is based on ten questions, each followed by six alternatives (A-F). Each question is to be answered by selecting one of the six alternatives, and each selected letter is evaluated by a number of points [10]: A-0; B-1; C-2; D-3; E-4; and F-5. The points are then summed up, the maximal score (50 points) indicating the poorest evaluation of function and the minimal score (0 points) compares to a good functional evaluation. The percentage score is calculated by applying the following formula: sum score/ 50×100 = percentage (%).
The percentage scale ranges from 0 to 100 %, a lower score means a lesser influence of lumbar pain on the patient’s functional status. Conclusions are made based on the calculated percentage scores [11]: 0-20 % ‒ minimal dysfunction; 21-40 % – moderate dysfunction; 41-60 % – severe dysfunction; 61-80 % ‒ disabled; and 81-100 % – bed mode/simulated symptoms.
Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) [12]. VAS is one of the most commonly used measures of pain intensity in pain research. It may help to evaluate the pain intensity prior to and following treatment. Later the obtained data regarding the changes in pain intensity may help to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment and any changes in the patient’s condition. This scale is suitable for the evaluation of back pain in scores from 1 to 10. Weak pain ‒ 1-3 scores; moderate pain ‒ 4-5 scores; severe pain ‒ 6-7 scores; very severe pain ‒ 8-9 scores; and unbearable pain ‒ 10 scores.
All measures were performed at baseline and after the 3-week intervention.
2.5. Statistical analysis
Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups was assessed using Mann-Whitney test, and changes between before and after intervention − Wilcoxon test. All subjects completed the study, so no adjustments were needed for drop-outs.
Analyses were performed using SPSS version 19. The difference across groups and trials were considered statistically significant when P values were less than 0.05.
3. Results
The results of the VAS and ODI in both groups before and after the intervention are presented in Table 1.
Table 1Low back pain and oswestry disability index in both groups before and after the intervention
Measurements | Before intervention | After the 3 weeks intervention | ||
Control group | Vibroacoustic | Control group | Vibroacoustic | |
Low Back Pain | 5.3±1.78 | 4.6±1.73 | 2.85±1.63* | 1.9±1.71* |
Oswestry index | 9.25±3.35 to | 8.75±4.54 | 6.30±3.33* | 6.05±3.87* |
* Difference within group is significant (0.05) | ||||
After the 3-week intervention, both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in low back pain and Oswestry disability index (Fig. 2).
There were no significant differences between groups before and after the intervention in low back pain score, with both groups displaying a similar improvement post-intervention (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Fig. 2Results of low back pain (VAS score) and Oswestry Disability Index in adolescents before and after the intervention: a) results of low back pain (VAS score); b) results of Oswestry index; * difference within groups is significant (P< 0.05)
a)
b)
Fig. 3Decrease of low back pain in every subject in the Control group
Fig. 4Decrease of low back pain in every subject within the Vibroacoustic group
4. Discussion
Although vibroacoustic is not a new concept in the treatment of physical disabilities and pain, it is not a commonly used treatment tool in hospitals. The first attempts in using Vibroacoustic Therapy were conducted in Norway in 1980 by Olav Skille [14] and this method was named “low frequency sound massage”. Historically vibroacoustic therapy was thought to be effective in treating different health problems [13, 14].
The present study investigated the potential added benefits of using Vibroacoustic Therapy as a supplement to a 3-week physiotherapy program for low back pain management in adolescents. The absence of individuals dropping-out of the study suggests that the vibroacoustic therapy was well tolerated. Subjects choose frequencies which fall within the range of human hearing and could result in physiological responses indicative of relaxation [8].
At the conclusion of the 3-week intervention, significant improvement (0.05) was noted for the control group (core stabilization exercises) and Vibroacoustic group (core stabilization exercises and Vibroacoustic Therapy) on low back pain score and Oswestry disability index.
Several studies have shown the beneficial effect of vibroacoustic therapy on pain management [7, 15-17] on anxiety [18], and even on palliative care patients [19].
Results of this study demonstrate that vibroacoustic therapy did not have statistical significance and did not influence the outcome of the patient’s low back pain and disability index compared to only physiotherapy program.
The literature suggests that music reduces anxiety, decreases pain, and increases feeling of well-being [19] using this vibroacoustic method, however the desired goals of relaxation of back muscles and the decrease in low back pain were not achieved in our study. This contrasts with Patrick (1999) in which study he also used visual analogue scale and got a reduction of pain and symptoms by 53 % [17].
Vibroacoustics therapy is a non-invasive, safe therapy that is stated to decrease pain, reduce anxiety, reduce the symptoms of illness and generally promotes health in many patients [20]. Although Vibroacoustic Therapy in this study did not result in any additional benefits based on our outcome measures, future studies should be done including large populations, longer period of treatment and different frequencies of vibration.
5. Conclusions
The results of the present study showed that the vibroacoustic therapy in addition to a 3-week physiotherapy program of core stabilization exercises had the same effect as the core stabilization exercise program only in the management of low back pain in 13-18 years old adolescents. Both groups in the study showed significant but similar improvement in pain reduction following a 3-week intervention. Future investigations are required to explore the potential of vibroacoustic therapy in the treatment of low back pain.
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About this article
A special thanks goes to prof. Artūras Kaklauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University) for the opportunity to test and evaluate vibrochair on pain management in adolescents with low back pain.
Vilma Dudoniene – scientific leader, author of the article, Lina Varniene and Tomas Aukstikalnis – main researchers, Egle Lendraitiene – responsible for statistical analysis; Justas Cerkauskas – inventor of the vibro chair, Juozas Raistenskis – organizer of research.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
