Abstract
This paper aims to study the effect of vibration stimulation of the sub-perception threshold on the tibialis anterior muscle and triceps surae muscle based on the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). EEG is measured by applying the vibration stimulation to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, and the sub-perception threshold intensity is selected through SEPs analysis. For this purpose, EEC collection and analysis system was used. In addition, analyzing changes in muscle strength and muscle reaction time by applying the selected sub-perception threshold intensity to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon. For this, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and muscle reaction time (MRT) are analyzed by using the EMG collection and analysis system. Vibration stimulation of the sub-perception threshold intensity analysis results, muscle strength is increased, muscle reaction time decreased.
1. Introduction
The postural stability is the ability to control the balance of the human body in the support surface while maintaining posture [1]. The postural control needs various kinds of sensory information and motions and their interactions such as vision, sense of equilibrium, muscle spindle, skin, muscle and receptor of tendon [2]. Muscle strength shows high correlation with postural stability [3]. But the reduction in muscle strength due to aging has a negative effect on postural stability and increases the possibility of abnormal gait and falls [4]. For enhancement in postural stability, there is a need to improve the sensory and motor abilities necessary to postural control.
This study aims to find out the effect the vibration stimulation introduced to the somatosensory system among many senses required for the postural control through the small-linear actuator has on the improvement of postural stability. The stimulation to the somatosensory system is to activate the tactile sense, pressure sense, vibration sense and the receptor of position and motor sense to stimulate the sensory stimulation route connected to the cerebrum [5]. There are various studies showing that the somatosensory stimulation reduces the body sway and enhances the postural stability in static posture [6, 7]. However, there are problems in the safety of the research using the electric stimulation. Some research reported that there was body sway even with somatosensory stimulation using a small vibrator having less problems in stability [8] and that even minute vibration affects the human’s sense of balance [9]. There are many researches conducted on not only the relation between somatosensory system and postural balance but also on the various body responses caused by somatosensory stimulation [10, 11].
However, existing studies have limitations in that they did not consider the individual differences in terms of vibration frequency and intensity of each vibration though they have proven the effect of the vibration stimulation on the improvement of postural stability. Therefore, in this study, the perception threshold value was measured and applied to overcome the limitations above based on the preceding researches on the band of frequency in which the somatosensory receptor sensitively responds as it is the value in which an individual can sense vibration [12]. In addition, the stimulation having the sub-perception threshold intensity which a person cannot feel but can affect the human body was investigated through analyzing Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs). Based on the results from analyzing SEPs, the effect of the vibration stimulation applied to the somatosensory system depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation (stimulation site, frequency and intensity) on the postural stability was interpreted through the Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and Muscle Reaction Time (MRT). The change in muscle strength depending on the vibration stimulation has been studied using MVC as MVC means the maximum power which can be produced by the group of muscles through maximum voluntary control [13]. Using the response time which means the time from the time when stimulation is given to the time when the response is shown [14], we have studied the changes in the muscle reaction time depending on the vibration stimulation.
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
This study was conducted targeting male adults having no neuropathy or musculoskeletal diseases. 7 subjects participated (Age: 27.1 ± 1.2, Hight: 173.5 cm ± 2.2, Weight: 68.1 kg ± 4.2) in the SEPs experiment. 10 subjects participated (Age: 26.9 ± 1.5, Height: 171.2 cm ± 2.5, Weight: 65.9 kg ± 5.3) in the experiment for measuring MVC and MRT. Subjects did not participate in similar experiments and did not experience vibration exercise. The study was approved by the IRB of Chonbuk National University (IRB File No. JBNU 2015-06-012).
2.2. Equipment
The study was conducted in a dark room to block out the light and noise from the outside. The small-linear actuator (DMJBRN0934AA, SAMSUNG ELECTRO-MECHANICS Co., Ltd., Korea) was used to introduce the vibration stimulation. The function generator (AFG-2125, GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT Co., Ltd., Taiwan) was used to adjust the vibration frequency and intensity. The rubber band was used to fix the small-linear actuator to the vibration stimulation area (tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon).
The EEG collection program (Brain-Products GmbH, Germany) and EEG analysis program (BESA GmbH, Germany) were used to check the changes in the EEG depending on the application of vibration stimulation. For the collection of EEG, three ranges of the disk electrodes (C3, Cz and C4) associated with the somatosensory area were used according to the internationally standardized 10-20 system [15]. EEG was synchronized to the trigger signal to which the vibration stimulation is applied.
EMG measuring system (Bagnoli™ Desktop EMG Systems, DELSYS Inc, USA) was used to check the changes in EMG depending on the application of vibration stimulation. For the collection of EMG, the electrodes were attached to the tibialis anterior muscle and triceps surae muscle. The ground electrode was attached to the patella. The audio signal was composed of the MRT test and EMG was synchronized to the trigger signal where the vibration stimulation and audio signal start.
2.3. Protocol
To study the changes in EEG and EMG depending on the vibration stimulation, the vibration perception threshold was measured on the tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon through the vibration frequency (180 Hz, 190 Hz, 250 Hz) which is selected based on precedent studies on the perception threshold depending on the vibration frequency [12]. The vibration stimulation conditions were made by combining the stimulation site (tibialis anterior tendon, Achilles tendon), vibration frequency, the perception threshold intensity (100 %) where the vibration starts to be felt and sub-perception threshold intensity (70-95 %). As an example of vibration stimulation conditions, there is “the 180 Hz perception threshold intensity stimulation was applied to the Achilles tendon”.
2.3.1. Protocol of somatosensory evoked potentials
For the collection of EEG, a subject was asked to comfortably sit down on a seat and the disk electrode was attached to the scalp. 100 vibration stimulation were applied to the subject under the vibration stimulation conditions with the interval of 0.5 second between stimulation. At this time, EEG was collected. Once each vibration stimulation condition cycle was completed, the subject was given a 3 minutes break. The vibration stimulation condition was applied in a random manner.
2.3.2. Protocol of maximum voluntary contraction and muscle reaction time
For the collection of EMG data, the subject was tested 3 times each with MVC and MRT under each condition. At this time, the EMG was collected. In case of MVC, the subject performed muscle contraction with maximum strength at the same time the vibration was applied. In case of MRT, the subject performed muscle contraction as fast as one can at the same time as the application of the audio signal. The time from the starting time of audio signal (when EMG measuring starts) to the time when EMG is activated was obtained. Once each vibration stimulation condition cycle was completed, a 3 minutes break was given to the subject. The vibration stimulation condition was applied randomly.
2.4. Analysis
2.4.1. Analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials
EEG was collected in 3 areas using the EEG collection program. The sampling rate was set to 1000 Hz. To remove noise in the measuring of brain wave, High pass filter – 0.1 Hz, Low pass filter – 70 Hz, and Notch filter – 60 Hz were applied. The amplitude of SEPs was analyzed as they sensed the electric activities in the brain which occur at a certain time related to the vibratory somatosensory stimulation in EEG data. The amplitude of SEPs at the 100-150 ms (N150) and 220-350 ms (P260) was obtained based on the application start marker of the vibration stimulation [16]. N150 means, the negative peak in the range of 100-150 ms based on the application start marker of the vibration stimulation. P260 means, the positive peak in the range of 220-350 ms based on the application start marker of the vibration stimulation. The change in the somatosensory stimulation through vibration was interpreted by comparing the amplitude of SEPs between when there is vibration stimulation and when there is no vibration stimulation.
2.4.2. Analysis of maximum voluntary contraction and pre-motor time
EMG from anterior tibial muscle and triceps surae muscle was obtained using EMG collection program. In case of MVC, the peak value of RMS (root-means square) EMG was derived from the EMG data to analyze the change in muscle strength. In case of MRT, the duration starting on the time of application of audio signal and ending on the time of EMG activation was obtained to analyze the change in muscle reaction time. The change in muscle strength and the muscle reaction time was interpreted by comparing the increase or decrease between the EMG data obtained under the stimulation condition and those under the non-stimulation condition.
The paired -test was conducted using SPSS 18.0 (IBM Co., Ltd. USA) with significance level of 0.05.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Change in the amplitude in the somatosensory evoked potential depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation
Table 1 shows that when the stimulation is applied to the tibialis anterior tendon according to the vibration condition, the amplitude of SEPs (N150 component) tended to increase more than that in the non-stimulation as it gets closer to the perception threshold. The amplitude from the sub-perception threshold (80 % intensity) shows a more significant increase than that in non-stimulation amplitude (180 Hz_C3 = 80-100 %, 180 Hz_Cz = 90-100 %, 190 Hz_C3 = 80-100 %, 190 Hz_Cz = 90-100 %, 190 Hz_C4 = 95-100 %).
Table 1Change in the amplitude of SEPs-N150 depending on the vibration stimulation applied through the Tibialis Anterior Tendon
SEPs amplitude (μV) | ||||||||||
None | 70 % | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | |||
Tibialis Anterior Tendon (N150) | 180 Hz | C3 | –3.12* | –3.24 | –4.38 | –4.67* | –5.38* | –5.32* | –5.14* | –5.77* |
±1.24 | ±2.52 | ±2.99 | ±1.04 | ±0.82 | ±1.25 | ±0.98 | ±1.36 | |||
Cz | –3.78* | –3.69 | –3.71 | –3.99 | –4.14 | –5.23* | –4.98* | –5.43* | ||
±1.03 | ±1.49 | ±1.57 | ±2.07 | ±1.84 | ±0.93 | ±0.51 | ±1.02 | |||
C4 | –4.23 | –4.11 | –4.02 | –3.86 | –3.35 | –4.03 | –3.77 | –3.98 | ||
±1.57 | ±1.66 | ±2.14 | ±1.85 | ±2.48 | ±2.35 | ±1.96 | ±2.08 | |||
190 Hz | C3 | –3.12* | –3.06 | –3.31 | –4.74* | –5.42* | –6.82* | –6.55* | –6.89* | |
±1.24 | ±1.08 | ±1.54 | ±0.36 | ±0.97 | ±1.34 | ±1.22 | ±1.68 | |||
Cz | –3.78* | –3.99 | –3.52 | –4.12 | –4.99 | –5.44* | –5.19 | –5.25* | ||
±1.03 | ±1.32 | ±1.01 | ±1.85 | ±2.06 | ±1.22 | ±3.36 | ±1.11 | |||
C4 | –4.23* | –3.89 | –4.11 | –4.92 | –5.58 | –5.24 | –5.43* | –5.62* | ||
±1.57 | ±1.53 | ±1.41 | ±1.33 | ±3.07 | ±3.01 | ±1.24 | ±0.98 | |||
250 Hz | C3 | –3.12 | –3.31 | –2.56 | –3.54 | –4.18 | –3.04 | –2.14 | –2.43 | |
±1.24 | ±1.98 | ±2.22 | ±2.67 | ±2.95 | ±1.10 | ±1.77 | ±2.46 | |||
Cz | –3.78 | –3.75 | –3.62 | –3.81 | –4.27 | –4.23 | –4.17 | –4.22 | ||
±1.03 | ±1.88 | ±1.99 | ±2.28 | ±3.02 | ±2.99 | ±4.03 | ±5.21 | |||
C4 | –4.23 | –4.11 | –4.89 | –3.65 | –3.25 | –4.12 | –4.26 | –3.52 | ||
±1.57 | ±2.84 | ±1.39 | ±2.04 | ±2.69 | ±4.03 | ±3.41 | ±2.55 | |||
N150: Negative peak in the range of 100-150 ms *: 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation (70-100 %) | ||||||||||
Table 2 shows that when the stimulation is applied to the tibialis anterior tendon according to the vibration condition, the amplitude of SEPs (P260 component) tended to increase more than that in the non-stimulation as it gets closer to the perception threshold. The amplitude from the sub-perception threshold (80 % intensity) shows a more significant increase than that in non-stimulation amplitude (180 Hz_Cz = 85∙95∙100 %, 180 Hz_C4 = 80-100 %, 190 Hz_C3 = 90 %, 190 Hz_Cz = 100 %, 190 Hz_C4 = 85-100 %, 250 Hz_C3 = 80-90 %, 250 Hz_C4 = 95 %).
Table 3 shows that when the stimulation is applied to the Achilles tendon according to the vibration condition, the amplitude of SEPs (N150 component) tended to increase more than that in the non-stimulation as it gets closer to the perception threshold. The amplitude from the sub-perception threshold (80 % intensity) shows a more significant increase than that in non-stimulation amplitude (180 Hz_C3 = 85∙95∙100 %, 180 Hz_Cz = 90-100 %, 190 Hz_C3= 90-100 %, 190 Hz_Cz = 90-100 %, 190 Hz_C4 = 100 %, 250 Hz_C3 = 85∙95∙100 %, 250 Hz_Cz = 85∙95∙100 %, 250 Hz_C4 = 80∙95∙100 %).
Table 2Change in the amplitude of SEPs-P260 depending on the vibration stimulation applied through the Tibialis Anterior Tendon
SEPs amplitude (μV) | ||||||||||
None | 70 % | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | |||
Tibialis Anterior Tendon (P260) | 180 Hz | C3 | 3.32 | 3.14 | 3.42 | 3.66 | 3.37 | 4.33 | 4.01 | 4.12 |
±1.18 | ±1.21 | ±1.64 | ±1.74 | ±1.36 | ±2.12 | ±.1.63 | ±3.12 | |||
Cz | 3.78* | 3.57 | 3.72 | 4.18 | 5.36* | 5.14 | 5.27* | 5.56* | ||
±1.62 | ±0.86 | ±2.31 | ±1.10 | ±0.76 | ±1.80 | ±0.68 | ±1.06 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 3.67 | 3.92 | 5.63* | 6.27* | 5.76* | 6.23* | 6.18* | ||
±1.96 | ±0.89 | ±0.87 | ±1.01 | ±0.54 | ±0.21 | ±1.26 | ±1.18 | |||
190 Hz | C3 | 3.32* | 3.77 | 3.68 | 4.16 | 4.09 | 5.14* | 4.57 | 4.55 | |
±1.18 | ±1.25 | ±0.99 | ±1.25 | ±1.79 | ±1.01 | ±2.34 | ±2.53 | |||
Cz | 3.78* | 3.67 | 3.87 | 4.12 | 4.19 | 5.02 | 4.92 | 5.13* | ||
±1.62 | ±1.44 | ±1.73 | ±1.73 | ±1.99 | ±2.36 | ±2.89 | ±0.55 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 3.89 | 4.05 | 5.18 | 5.77* | 6.31* | 7.23* | 6.34* | ||
±1.96 | ±1.56 | ±1.22 | ±2.12 | ±0.71 | ±0.58 | ±1.24 | ±1.21 | |||
250 Hz | C3 | 3.32* | 3.38 | 3.76 | 4.92* | 5.34* | 5.02* | 4.31 | 4.11 | |
±1.18 | ±1.74 | ±1.44 | ±0.31 | ±0.34 | ±0.12 | ±2.21 | ±3.25 | |||
Cz | 3.78 | 3.45 | 4.15 | 4.42 | 3.24 | 3.51 | 4.15 | 3.26 | ||
±1.62 | ±0.99 | ±1.54 | ±2.65 | ±1.89 | ±2.12 | ±2.26 | ±4.13 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 3.89 | 4.02 | 4.52 | 5.01 | 4.77 | 5.23* | 4.98 | ||
±1.96 | ±1.16 | ±2.15 | ±2.98 | ±3.24 | ±1.87 | ±0.88 | ±2.27 | |||
P260: Negative peak in the range of 220-350 ms *: 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation (70–100 %) | ||||||||||
Table 3Change in the amplitude of SEPs-N150 depending on the vibration stimulation applied through the Achilles Tendon
SEPs amplitude () | ||||||||||
None | 70 % | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | |||
Achilles Tendon (N150) | 180 Hz | C3 | -3.12* | –3.27 | –3.76 | –4.23 | –5.33* | –5.18 | –5.21* | –5.23* |
±1.24 | ±1.55 | ±1.23 | ±1.71 | ±1.42 | ±3.45 | ±0.98 | ±1.21 | |||
Cz | –3.78* | –3.54 | –3.92 | –4.22 | –7.01 | –5.87* | –6.01* | –6.18* | ||
±1.03 | ±2.12 | ±1.24 | ±1.21 | ±4.23 | ±1.29 | ±1.34 | ±2.01 | |||
C4 | –4.23 | –3.21 | –4.76 | –5.21 | –6.23 | –4.77 | –5.89 | –4.61 | ||
±1.57 | ±3.21 | ±1.25 | ±3.21 | ±2.33 | ±1.23 | ±3.56 | ±3.12 | |||
190 Hz | C3 | –3.12* | –3.36 | –3.78 | –4.22 | –4.23 | –5.24* | –5.57* | –5.89* | |
±1.24 | ±1.22 | ±0.84 | ±2.09 | ±2.32 | ±0.54 | ±0.67 | ±1.08 | |||
Cz | –3.78* | –3.67 | –3.55 | –3.91 | –4.52 | –6.23* | –5.89* | –6.42* | ||
±1.03 | ±1.71 | ±0.45 | ±1.11 | ±2.76 | ±1.21 | ±1.04 | ±1.34 | |||
C4 | –4.23* | –4.12 | –4.28 | –5.15 | –4.95 | –3.23 | –5.42 | –5.77* | ||
±1.57 | ±1.80 | ±1.04 | ±2.67 | ±2.01 | ±3.45 | ±2.02 | ±1.23 | |||
250 Hz | C3 | –3.12* | –2.89 | –3.06 | –3.19 | –5.23* | –5.04 | –5.17* | –5.11* | |
±1.24 | ±1.87 | ±1.90 | ±2.26 | ±0.90 | ±2.92 | ±0.21 | ±0.87 | |||
Cz | –3.78* | –4.89 | –5.27 | –5.12 | –5.77* | –5.32 | –5.77* | –5.57* | ||
±1.03 | ±2.04 | ±2.46 | ±2.35 | ±1.27 | ±2.33 | ±1.33 | ±0.24 | |||
C4 | –4.23* | –5.03 | –4.12 | –6.33* | –8.76 | –5.45 | –6.24* | –6.59* | ||
±1.57 | ±2.02 | ±1.78 | ±1.29 | ±5.08 | ±2.87 | ±1.04 | ±1.17 | |||
N150: Negative peak in the range of 100-150 ms *: 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation (70-100 %) | ||||||||||
Table 4 shows that when the stimulation is applied to the Achilles tendon according to the vibration condition, the amplitude of SEPs (P260 component) tended to increase more than that in the non-stimulation as it gets closer to the perception threshold. The amplitude from the sub-perception threshold (80 % intensity) shows a more significant increase than that in non-stimulation amplitude (180 Hz_C3 = 80∙90 %, 180 Hz_Cz = 90 %, 180 Hz_C4 = 95 %, 190 Hz_C3 = 80∙95∙100 %, 190 Hz_Cz = 80∙90∙100 %, 190 Hz_C4 = 90-100 %, 250 Hz_C3 = 85 %, 250 Hz_C4 = 90–100 %).
Table 4Change in the amplitude of SEPs-P260 depending on the vibration stimulation applied through the Achilles Tendon
SEPs amplitude () | ||||||||||
None | 70 % | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | |||
Achilles Tendon (P260) | 180 Hz | C3 | 3.32* | 3.79 | 4.33 | 5.07* | 4.78 | 4.99* | 4.37 | 4.14 |
±1.18 | ±1.43 | ±1.67 | ±0.23 | ±1.95 | ±0.11 | ±2.55 | ±2.33 | |||
Cz | 3.78* | 3.92 | 3.18 | 4.36 | 4.77 | 5.14* | 5.07 | 4.89 | ||
±1.62 | ±1.22 | ±1.25 | ±2.32 | ±1.33 | ±0.27 | ±3.21 | ±3.56 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 4.19 | 5.06 | 4.89 | 6.53 | 8.23 | 6.88* | 7.02* | ||
±1.96 | ±1.14 | ±2.56 | ±4.12 | ±3.52 | ±5.67 | ±2.11 | ±2.21 | |||
190 Hz | C3 | 3.32* | 3.55 | 3.76 | 5.23* | 4.12 | 4.56 | 4.81* | 4.88* | |
±1.18 | ±1.89 | ±2.01 | ±1.01 | ±2.23 | ±2.35 | ±0.98 | ±1.22 | |||
Cz | 3.78* | 3.12 | 3.89 | 7.25* | 6.12 | 5.66* | 5.23 | 5.74* | ||
±1.62 | ±1.98 | ±2.33 | ±2.35 | ±4.52 | ±0.36 | ±3.04 | ±1.01 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 4.32 | 3.78 | 5.09 | 5.26 | 6.14* | 6.05* | 6.02* | ||
±1.96 | ±1.56 | ±2.72 | ±4.17 | ±3.75 | ±1.00 | ±0.74 | ±0.33 | |||
250 Hz | C3 | 3.32* | 3.56 | 3.12 | 3.38 | 5.17* | 3.31 | 3.16 | 3.05 | |
±1.18 | ±2.33 | ±3.02 | ±2.99 | ±0.91 | ±2.62 | ±1.20 | ±2.33 | |||
Cz | 3.78 | 2.98 | 3.12 | 3.24 | 4.02 | 3.96 | 4.18 | 4.12 | ||
±1.62 | ±3.23 | ±1.24 | ±2.45 | ±1.33 | ±1.77 | ±2.23 | ±4.23 | |||
C4 | 4.13* | 4.29 | 4.14 | 3.89 | 4.55 | 6.23* | 5.55* | 5.81* | ||
±1.96 | ±2.08 | ±1.66 | ±2.36 | ±2.34 | ±1.02 | ±0.44 | ±1.15 | |||
P260: Negative peak in the range of 220-350 ms *: 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation (70-100 %) | ||||||||||
Tables 1-4 show that when the vibration stimulation is applied to the tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, the amplitude of SEPs increases more than that in the case of non-vibration. This means that the vibration stimulation evoked potential stimulates somatosensory receptors occurs. As for the perception threshold stimulation depending on the vibration frequency, the amplitude shows a different trend depending on the frequency. This applies to the stimulation the sub-perception threshold intensity. This shows that the vibration frequency has an effect on the change in amplitude. In addition, if the subject has applied the sub-perception threshold (80 % intensity) of the vibration stimulation that does not feel the vibration, the amplitude of SEPs increases more than in the case of non-vibration. This means that stimulation of sub-perception threshold intensity to generate evoked potential, which means that it is possible to influence the vibration to the human body. It can be used for the research on the improvement in postural stabilization. Based on the results from the research on the change in amplitude of the SEPs, 80 % of the value below the perception threshold was applied for MVC and MRT experiments.
3.2. Change in muscle strength of MVC depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation
Change in muscle strength of MVC depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation was analyzed based on MVC data under the conditions of non-stimulation.
Fig. 1 showed that muscle strength increased more in vibration stimulation than in non-stimulation. When the vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon, muscle strength in the medial gastrocnemius muscle had a more significant increase than that under non-stimulation (Medial Gastrocnemius -value 0.017).
When the vibration stimulation is applied to the Achilles tendon, muscle strength in the soleus muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, and tibialis anterior muscle had a more significant increase than that under non-stimulation (Soleus -value 0.022, Lateral Gastrocnemius -value 0.049, Medial Gastrocnemius -value 0.033, Tibialis Anterior -value 0.047).
Fig. 1Muscle strength increasing rate [%] of MVC by the applied vibration stimulation to the tibialis anterior and Achilles tendon. TAT Stm: Tibialis Anterior Tendon Stimulation, ACT Stm: Achilles Tendon Stimulation, Sol: Soleus, Lgas: Lateral Gastrocnemius, Mgas: Medial Gastrocnemius, TA: Tibialis Anterior. *: p< 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation
![Muscle strength increasing rate [%] of MVC by the applied vibration stimulation to the tibialis anterior and Achilles tendon. TAT Stm: Tibialis Anterior Tendon Stimulation, ACT Stm: Achilles Tendon Stimulation, Sol: Soleus, Lgas: Lateral Gastrocnemius, Mgas: Medial Gastrocnemius, TA: Tibialis Anterior. *: p< 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation](https://static-01.extrica.com/articles/18369/18369-img1.jpg)
Table 5 When vibration stimulation was applied to tibialis anterior tendon, the rates of increase in muscle strength of soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle were the highest in 180 Hz and the lowest in 250 Hz, while the rates of increase in muscle strength of lateral gastrocnemius muscle and medial gastrocnemius muscle were the highest in 180 Hz and the lowest in 190 Hz (Lateral Gastrocnemius: 180 Hz-190 Hz -value 0.007, Medial Gastrocnemius: 180 Hz-190 Hz -value 0.019).
When the vibration stimulation was applied to Achilles tendon, the rates of increase in muscle strength of soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle were the highest in 180 Hz and the lowest in 190 Hz, while the rates of increase in muscle strength of lateral gastrocnemius muscle and medial gastrocnemius muscle were the highest in 180 Hz and the lowest in 250 Hz.
Table 5Muscle strength increasing rate [%] of MVC in accordance with the vibration frequency applied to the tibialis anterior and Achilles tendon
Soleus | Lateral Gastrocnemius | Medial Gastrocnemius | Tibialis Anterior | ||
Tibialis Anterior Tendon | 180 Hz | 9.34±3.57 | 13.81±6.02* | 13.04±6.11* | 7.39±6.61 |
190 Hz | 5.97±5.92 | 6.46±6.53* | 6.41±5.02* | 5.13±6.37 | |
250 Hz | 4.29±6.24 | 9.21±6.84 | 8.57±5.06 | 4.69±4.59 | |
Achilles Tendon | 180 Hz | 11.52±8.02 | 14.54±7.71 | 16.54±8.13 | 11.30±7.15 |
190 Hz | 6.99±8.59 | 12.52±6.22 | 14.50±9.16 | 8.57±9.02 | |
250 Hz | 11.52±4.19 | 8.86±7.79 | 12.54±7.33 | 11.66±4.97 | |
*: 0.05. 180 Hz versus 190 Hz of Lateral Gastrocnemius and Medial Gastrocnemius | |||||
Table 6 When the vibration stimulation was applied to tibialis anterior tendon, there was a difference in the increase in muscle strength among soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle depending on the perception threshold intensity and the sub-perception threshold intensity (80 %) but there was no significant difference.
When the vibration stimulation was applied to Achilles tendon, there was a difference in the increase in muscle strength among soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle depending on the perception threshold intensity and the sub-perception threshold intensity (80 %) but there was no significant difference.
Table 6Muscle strength increasing rate [%] of MVC in accordance with the vibration intensity applied to the tibialis anterior and Achilles tendon
Soleus | Lateral Gastrocnemius | Medial Gastrocnemius | Tibialis Anterior | |||
Tibialis Anterior Tendon | 180 Hz | 100 % | 7.1±3.6 | 12.0±6.0 | 12.2±6.1 | 13.2±6.6 |
80 % | 9.1±10.7 | 9.9±7.8 | 11.1±7.1 | 8.9±6.5 | ||
190 Hz | 100 % | 11.8±5.9 | 13.1±6.5 | 10.0±5.0 | 12.7±6.4 | |
80 % | 6.2±13.0 | 8.2±14.6 | 5.7±8.5 | 6.3±6.0 | ||
250 Hz | 100 % | 12.5±6.2 | 13.7±6.8 | 10.1±5.1 | 9.2±4.6 | |
80 % | 5.8±20.2 | 15.2±19.5 | 7.6±8.2 | 3.1±6.9 | ||
Achilles Tendon | 180 Hz | 100 % | 16.0±8.0 | 15.4±7.7 | 16.3±8.1 | 14.3±7.2 |
80 % | 6.6±12.5 | 13.1±13.0 | 10.4±8.4 | 20.2±17.9 | ||
190 Hz | 100 % | 17.2±8.6 | 12.4±6.2 | 18.3±9.2 | 18.0±9.0 | |
80 % | 10.9±11.6 | 17.8±15.0 | 14.3±10.4 | 15.8±17.6 | ||
250 Hz | 100 % | 8.4±4.2 | 15.6±7.8 | 14.7±7.3 | 9.9±5.0 | |
80 % | 14.8±9.4 | 13.7±19.9 | 13.5±9.9 | 18.7±11.4 |
Fig. 1 showed that if the vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, the rate in the increase of muscle strength was statistically higher than that under non-stimulation. Based on these results, we can infer that the application of vibration stimulation to the muscle in the lower leg through the tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon would affect the increase in muscle strength, thus giving a more positive effect on postural stability than under non-stimulation. In addition, it was found out that the rate of increase in muscle strength was higher in Achilles tendon than that in tibialis anterior tendon. This shows that the Achilles tendon is higher in terms of the increase in muscle strength due to vibration stimulation. Table 5 showed that when vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, the rates in the increase of muscle strength for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle were the highest at the frequency of 180 Hz. This indicates that vibration frequency has an effect on the increase in muscle strength. Table 6 showed that there was a difference in the increase in muscle strength depending on the vibration stimulation intensity but it was not significant. This means that the stimulation in the perception threshold and sub-perception threshold has an effect on the increase in muscle strength.
3.3. Change in MRT depending on the condition of vibration stimulation
The change in muscle reaction time depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation was analyzed based on MRT data under the condition of non-stimulation.
Fig. 2 shows that muscle reaction time was more reduced in vibration stimulation than in non-stimulation. It was found out that when vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon, the muscle reaction time for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle was more significantly reduced than under non-stimulation (Soleus -value 0.005, Lateral Gastrocnemius -value 0.013, Medial Gastrocnemius -value 0.005, Tibialis Anterior -value 0.012). It was also found out that when vibration stimulation is applied to Achilles tendon, muscle reaction time for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle was more significantly reduced than under non-stimulation (Soleus -value 0.005, Lateral Gastrocnemius -value 0.009, Medial Gastrocnemius -value 0.005, Tibialis Anterior -value 0.009).
It was found (Table 7) out that when vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon, muscle reaction time at 180 Hz was more significantly reduced than under non-stimulation and in a faster way than those at 180 Hz and 250 Hz. It was also found out that when vibration stimulation is applied to Achilles tendon, muscle reaction time at 180 Hz was more significantly reduced than under non-stimulation and in a faster way than those at 180 Hz and 250 Hz.
Fig. 2Change in MRT under vibration stimulation applied to the Achilles tendon and tibialis anterior tendon and under non-stimulation (sec). TAT Stm: Tibialis Anterior Tendon Stimulation, ACT Stm: Achilles Tendon Stimulation. *: p< 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus Stimulation
Table 7Change in MRT depending on the frequency in vibration stimulation applied to the tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon (sec)
Soleus | Lateral Gastrocnemius | Medial Gastrocnemius | Tibialis Anterior | ||
None | 0.285±0.030a | 0.281±0.030a | 0.262±0.029a | 0.193±0.036a | |
Tibialis Anterior Tendon | 180 Hz | 0.171±0.033a | 0.181±0.036a | 0.170±0.036a | 0.124±0.036a |
190 Hz | 0.188±0.037a | 0.190±0.045a | 0.188±0.039a | 0.128±0.049a | |
250 Hz | 0.191±0.041a | 0.195±0.043a | 0.178±0.043a | 0.128±0.040a | |
Achilles Tendon | 180 Hz | 0.174±0.038a,b | 0.182±0.038a,b | 0.168±0.037a,b | 0.124±0.029a |
190 Hz | 0.201±0.026a | 0.205±0.031a,b | 0.197±0.029a,b | 0.122±0.031a | |
250 Hz | 0.222±0.035a,b | 0.226±0.039a,b | 0.207±0.035a,b | 0.128±0.043a | |
a: 0.05. Non-Stimulation versus other frequencies, b: 0.05. 180 Hz versus other frequencies | |||||
Table 8 When the vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon, there was a difference in muscle reaction time for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle between in perception threshold intensity and sub-perception threshold intensity but there was no significant difference. When the vibration stimulation is applied to Achilles tendon, there was a difference in muscle response time for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle between in perception threshold intensity and sub-perception threshold intensity but there was no significant difference.
Fig. 2 shows that if the vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, the muscle reaction time was further reduced than under non-stimulation, thus showing a significant difference. The results infer that there would be reduction in time required to transmit and process the information passing through the route of sensory system – central neural system – cooperation between neuron and muscle and the muscular system. Table 7 showed that when vibration stimulation is applied to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, muscle reaction time was the fastest in the frequency of 180 Hz for soleus muscle, lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle. From this, we can understand that muscle reaction time is affected by vibration frequency. Table 8 showed that a different muscle reaction time appeared depending on the strength of vibration stimulation with no significant difference. This means that the stimulation in the perception threshold intensity and sub-perception threshold intensity has an effect on the reduction of muscle reaction time.
Table 8Change in MRT depending on the intensity in vibration stimulation applied to the tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon (sec)
Soleus | Lateral Gastrocnemius | Medial Gastrocnemius | Tibialis Anterior | |||
Tibialis Anterior Tendon | 180 Hz | 100 % | 0.171±0.033 | 0.181±0.036 | 0.170±0.036 | 0.124±0.036 |
80 % | 0.204±0.051 | 0.203±0.052 | 0.189±0.054 | 0.107±0.028 | ||
190 Hz | 100 % | 0.188±0.037 | 0.190±0.045 | 0.188±0.039 | 0.128±0.049 | |
80 % | 0.191±0.043 | 0.197±0.046 | 0.191±0.044 | 0.118±0.038 | ||
250 Hz | 100 % | 0.191±0.041 | 0.195±0.043 | 0.178±0.043 | 0.128±0.040 | |
80 % | 0.203±0.039 | 0.207±0.039 | 0.188±0.045 | 0.143±0.047 | ||
Achilles Tendon | 180 Hz | 100 % | 0.174±0.038 | 0.182±0.038 | 0.168±0.037 | 0.124±0.029 |
80 % | 0.191±0.038 | 0.194±0.041 | 0.182±0.039 | 0.124±0.037 | ||
190 Hz | 100 % | 0.201±0.026 | 0.205±0.031 | 0.197±0.029 | 0.122±0.031 | |
80 % | 0.208±0.036 | 0.210±0.034 | 0.191±0.035 | 0.115±0.033 | ||
250 Hz | 100 % | 0.222±0.035 | 0.226±0.039 | 0.207±0.035 | 0.128±0.043 | |
80 % | 0.201±0.033 | 0.201±0.034 | 0.180±0.038 | 0.132±0.034 |
4. Conclusions
This study was conducted on the stimulation intensity which is less than the perception threshold which the human body can feel based on SEPs. The findings are as follows. It was found that when the stimulation which has the intensity of 70-95 % of the sub-perception threshold to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon, the change in the SEPs was observed at 80 % of the perception threshold. So, it was concluded that the vibration stimulation which is less than the perception threshold generates SEPs, thus making a significant effect on the human body. In addition, a research was made on how vibration stimulation applied to tibialis anterior tendon and Achilles tendon affect the triceps surae muscle and tibialis anterior muscle depending on the conditions of vibration stimulation (existence of stimulation, frequency and intensity). The findings are as follows. When vibration stimulation was applied, muscle strength increased and muscle reaction time decreased compared to non-stimulation. Muscle strength and muscle reaction time were the best when the frequency was at 180 Hz. Even under vibration stimulation intensity of sub-perception threshold, there are the effects such as an increase in muscle strength and reduction in muscle reaction time. If these findings are applied to the people whose postural stabilities have been lowered due to aging and accident, the stimulation would have a positive effect on the improvement in the risk of abnormal gait and falls.
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About this article
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) (NRF-2014R1A2A1A11053073).
