Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform

Bo, Tang; Linsen, Zhang; Siwei, Tan

doi:10.21595/jme.2022.22781

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Published: 17 October 2022

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Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform

Tang Bo¹

Zhang Linsen²

Tan Siwei³

^{1, 2, 3}College of Weaponry Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan Hubei, 430033, China

Corresponding Author:

Tan Siwei

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Abstract

Aiming at improving the method of underwater target recognition, this paper proposes a method to estimate the micro-Doppler spectrum parameters of propeller by using inverse Radon transform, so as to obtain the characteristic parameters of propeller. This paper firstly analyzes the basic concepts of micro-Doppler and inverse Radon transform, then defines the algorithm steps of inverse Radon transform for propeller parameter estimation and carries out simulation. The simulation results show that this method can effectively estimate the propeller rotational speed, blade number, blade length and initial spatial position.

Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform

Highlights

Studied the echo modulation characteristics of underwater propeller object.
Expand the application of IRT. The modulation frequency of underwater rotation target echo can be obtained by calculating the concentration measurement value of IRT.
The modulation amplitude and phase of underwater rotation target echo can be obtained by calculating the IRT for the frequency.

1. Introduction

Due to the difficulty of obtaining target information, the problem of underwater target recognition has not been well solved [1]. At present, the detection and recognition of underwater target mainly depends on the distance, azimuth, speed and highlight echo of target. However, the method is easily affected by the natural environment, marine organisms and artificial interference.

With the successful application of micro-Doppler theory in radar field [2], underwater target detection and recognition has a new approach. Underwater target recognition is usually propelled by propeller which is a typical acoustic scatterer with micro Doppler characteristics. Preliminary exploratory studies on the micro-Doppler characteristics of underwater rotating targets have been carried out by domestic and foreign scholars, and the possibility of its application in the detection and recognition of underwater targets has been confirmed [3, 4].

To estimate the micro-Doppler parameters of rotating objects such as propellers, some adopt the method with variable step size which is out of work when the SNR drops below 5 dB [5]; Some adopt the rotor speed and size estimation method of four rotor UAV based on the combination of instantaneous frequency estimation based on Gabor transform and fast Fourier transform which is also not suitable for low SNR [6]; And based on the scattering point model based on rotor blade some choose SPWV time-frequency transformation method combined with image processing to estimate the speed and size of helicopter rotor, which is subject to the number of scattering points and low SNR [7]. The method based on inverse Radon transform (IRT) can overcome above defeats and better solve the problem of micro-Doppler parameter estimation [8, 9].

This paper applies the micro-Doppler parameter estimation method based on IRT in radar field to the micro-Doppler parameter estimation of underwater propeller.

2. The micro-Doppler characteristics of propeller

Assume that the acoustic detection equipment emits a continuous wave signal with a frequency of $f_{c}$ [10], i.e.:

1

s_{t} (t) = e x p (- j 2 π f_{c} t) .

Considering the rotating motion of the underwater propeller, it is assumed that the spatial position relationship between the underwater acoustic detection equipment and the propeller is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1Spatial relationship between acoustic detection equipment and propeller

The acoustic detection equipment is used as the origin to establish the spatial fixed coordinate system $(X, Y, Z)$ ; the rotation axis center of the propeller is taken as the origin to establish the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ ; the origin of the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ is adopted as the origin to establish the reference coordinate system $(X', Y', Z')$ . The reference coordinate system is parallel to the spatial fixed coordinate system. Assume that the Euler angle from the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ to the reference coordinate system $(X', Y', Z')$ is $(\partial, ς, ε)$ , the rotation sequence is $x - y - z$ , and the propeller rotates around the axis $z$ at an angular rate $Ω$ . Assume that the acoustic scattering point $p$ on the propeller blade is located $(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0} = 0)$ in the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ , and the initial rotation angle at the time $t = 0$ is $φ_{0}$ , the rotation angle at the time $t$ becomes $φ_{t} = φ_{0} + Ω t$ . According to the geometric relationship in Fig. 1, the distance between the acoustic detection equipment and the scattering point $p$ is:

2

r_{p} (t) = ‖R + V t + M_{r} L_{p}‖,

where: $R = (R_{0} c o s β c o s α, R_{0} c o s β s i n α, R_{0} s i n β)$ is the vector of the acoustic detection equipment pointing to the origin of the reference coordinate system, $R_{0} = ‖R‖$ is the distance between the acoustic detection equipment and the origin of the reference coordinate system; $V = (v_{X}, v_{Y}, v_{Z})$ is the translational velocity vector of the propeller relative to the detection equipment; $L_{p} = (l_{p} c o s φ_{t}, l_{p} s i n φ_{t}, 0)$ is the vector of the scattering point $p$ in the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ ; $l_{p} = ‖L_{p}‖$ is the distance from the acoustic scattering point $p$ to the origin of the target coordinate system; $M_{r}$ is the rotation matrix from the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ to the reference coordinate system $(X', Y', Z')$ and:

3

M_{r} = [\begin{array}{l} m_{11} & m_{12} & m_{13} \\ m_{21} & m_{22} & m_{23} \\ m_{31} & m_{32} & m_{33} \end{array}],

where:

\{\begin{array}{l} m_{11} = c o s ς c o s ε, \\ m_{12} = s i n \partial s i n ς c o s ε + c o s \partial s i n ε, \\ m_{13} = - c o s \partial s i n ς c o s ε + s i n \partial s i n ε, \\ m_{21} = - c o s ς s i n ε, \\ m_{22} = - s i n \partial s i n ς s i n ε + c o s \partial c o s ε, \\ m_{23} = c o s \partial s i n ς s i n ε + s i n \partial c o s ε, \\ m_{31} = s i n ς, \\ m_{32} = - s i n \partial c o s ς, \\ m_{33} = c o s \partial c o s ς . \end{array}

Assume that there is only propeller echo and the effects of reverberation and multipath interference are not considered, the echo signal of rotating propeller received by acoustic detection equipment is:

4

s_{r} (t) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} σ_{k} \int_{0}^{l} e x p \{- j 2 π f_{c} [t - \frac{2 r_{p} (t)}{c}] + φ_{k}\} d l_{p},

where, $N$ is the number of propeller blades; $σ_{k}$ is the target scattering intensity of each blade; $φ_{k}$ is the initial phase of the blade; $l$ is the blade length.

Then the baseband signal of propeller echo is:

5

s_{B} (t) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} σ_{k} \int_{0}^{l} e x p [j 2 π f_{c} \frac{2 r_{p} (t)}{c} + φ_{k}] d l_{p} .

Then the echo phase function of the scattering point $p$ of the $k$ th blade is:

6

Φ_{k} (t) = 2 π f_{c} \frac{2 r_{p} (t)}{c} + φ_{k} .

The micro-Doppler frequency of the scattering point $p$ of the $k$ th blade can be obtained by deriving the phase function:

7

f_{d_{k}} (t) = \frac{1}{2 π} \frac{d [Φ_{k} (t)]}{d t} = \frac{2}{λ_{c}} \frac{d [r_{p} (t)]}{d t},

where $λ_{c}$ is the wavelength of the transmitted signal [11].

Fig. 2Micro-Doppler characteristic of propeller echo signal

Assume that the propeller has three blades, the acoustic detection equipment emits a single frequency continuous wave signal with a frequency of 100 kHz, the distance between the acoustic detection equipment and the origin of the target coordinate system is $R_{0} =$ 100 m, and $α =$ 0°, $β =$ 0°, the Euler angle of the target coordinate system $(x, y, z)$ transformed into the reference coordinate system $(X', Y', Z')$ is $(0,0, 0)$ , the blade length is $l = 2$ m, the rotation speed is $r =$ $4$ r/s, the target scattering intensity is $σ_{k} = 1$ , the initial rotation angles of each blade at the time $t = 0$ are 0°, 120° and 240°, then the micro-Doppler spectrum of the propeller echo is shown in Fig. 2, in which the darker the color is, the greater the amplitude is.

It can be seen from the figure above that the micro-Doppler spectrum of propeller echo is a cluster of sinusoidal curves, in which the short line alternating at the peak position is the strong echo generated by the mirror reflection of the blade [12].

3. Micro Doppler parameter estimation method based on inverse Radon transform

3.1. Basic concepts of inverse Radon transform

The projection of the 2-D function $f (x, y)$ on the $x$ -axis is:

8

R_{f} (x, 0) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} f (x, y) d y .

Use coordinate transformation to describe the rotation form of 2-D function in the rotation coordinate system $u o v$ . For the rotation angle $β$ , the coordinate transformation is:

9

[\begin{array}{l} u \\ v \end{array}] = (\begin{array}{l} c o s β & s i n β \\ - s i n β & c o s β \end{array}) [\begin{array}{l} x \\ y \end{array}] .

If the function $f (x, y)$ is projected onto $u$ with a varying rotation angle $β$ , which is the Radon transform, that is:

10

R_{f} (u, β) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} f (u, v) d v,

where $f (u, v)$ is the 2-D function in the rotating coordinate system $u o v$ , that is:

11

f (u, v) = f (x c o s β + y s i n β, - x s i n β + y c o s β) .

Assume a point $f (x, y) = δ (x - x_{0}) δ (y - y_{0})$ in xoy coordinate system can be expressed as $f (u, v) = δ (u - u_{0}) δ (v - v_{0})$ in uov coordinate system, where $u_{0} = x_{0} c o s β + y_{0} s i n β$ , $v_{0} = - x_{0} s i n β + y_{0} c o s β$ . Then the Radon transformation is:

12

R_{f} (u, β) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} f (u, v) d v = δ (u - u_{0}) = δ (u - x_{0} c o s β - y_{0} s i n β) = δ (u - A c o s (β + ψ)) .

It can be seen that the points in the $x o y$ plane are transformed into sinusoidal curves in $(u, β)$ domain by Radon transformation. The amplitude of the sinusoidal curve is $A = \sqrt{x_{0}^{2} + y_{0}^{2}}$ , and the phase is $ψ = a r c t a n (y_{0} / x_{0})$ [13]-[16]. If Radon transform $R_{f} (u, β)$ is given, the 2-D function $f (x, y)$ generating Radon transform is the inverse Radon transform. Therefore, the points in the $x o y$ plane can be transformed into sinusoidal images in the Radon transform domain, which means that the sinusoidal images in the Radon transform domain can be transformed into points in the $x o y$ plane by using the inverse Radon, i.e.:

13

δ (u - A c o s (β + ψ)) \overset{I R T}{\underset{R T}{< = >}} δ (x - x_{0}) δ (y - y_{0}) .

When all signal energy is concentrated at one point, the parameter estimation is very robust.

3.2. Micro-Doppler parameter estimation based on inverse Radon transform

In order to realize the target recognition, it is usually necessary to obtain the physical and motion parameters of the target. For the propeller, that is, the speed of the propeller, the length of the blade, the number of blades and the initial phase of each blade, these parameters can be obtained by the frequency, amplitude, initial phase of the micro-Doppler spectrum and the number of energy points in IRT domain.

For the rotating propeller, the micro-Doppler spectrum is a cluster of sinusoidal curves, i.e.:

14

Ω_{k} (t) = A_{m}^{(k)} c o s (2 π f_{m}^{(k)} t + θ_{m}^{(k)}),

where, superscript indicates the kth spectral line.

By comparing Eq. (12) and (14), it can be seen $β \Leftrightarrow 2 π f_{m}^{(k)} t$ . So $φ = 2 π f_{m}^{(k)} t$ can be used to replace $β$ . From the analysis in the previous section, for the time-frequency image $T (φ / (2 π f_{m}^{(k)}), Ω)$ shown in Fig. 3, there will be at least one highly concentrated peak in the IRT domain. Its distance to the origin is the modulation parameter $A_{m}^{(k)}$ , and its angle is $θ_{m}^{(k)}$ . In this way, the modulation parameters $A_{m}^{(k)}$ and $θ_{m}^{(k)}$ can be estimated accurately in the IRT domain.

The modulation parameters $f_{m}^{(k)}$ can be estimated by coordinate changes. Assume that the parameters $α$ and $φ = α t$ , change the parameters $α$ within a series of possible value, and search for ${\hat{α}}^{(k)}$ with the maximum concentration in the IRT domain. Because of ${\hat{α}}^{(k)} = 2 π f_{m}^{(k)}$ , the modulation parameters $f_{m}^{(k)}$ are estimated [17-19].

It can be found that the concentration measurement based on the maximum is more robust and suitable for the maximum detection in the IRT domain. Therefore, the concentration measurement method based on the maximum is also used in this paper.

3.3. Parameter estimation steps

Based on the above analysis, the algorithm of IRT adopted in this paper is summarized as follows:

Step 1: for the signal $x (n)$ with unknown modulation parameters, estimate its micro-Doppler frequency range, that is $f_{m i n} \leq f_{m} \leq f_{m a x}$ , and set the number of estimated components $k$ to 0.

Step 2: if the energy of the signal $x (n)$ is not negligible or higher than the expected noise energy, set $k = k + 1$ and repeat the following steps [20].

Step 3: calculate the time-frequency representation $T (t, Ω)$ of the signal $x (n)$ and obtain its two-dimensional time-frequency image.

Step 4: set $α$ to $M$ equally spaced values between $2 π f_{m i n}$ and $2 π f_{m a x}$ . For each $α$ , calculate $φ = α t$ and the IRT of the time-frequency image $T (φ, Ω)$ .

Step 5: calculate the concentration measurement value of IRT for each $α$ and find the ${\hat{α}}^{(k)}$ that produces the highest concentration.

Step 6: estimate the kth modulation frequency ${\hat{f}}_{m}^{(k)} = {\hat{α}}^{(k)} / (2 π)$ .

Step 7: calculate the position of the maximum IRT value for ${\hat{α}}^{(k)}$ and express it as $x_{m}^{(k)}$ and $y_{m}^{(k)}$ .

Step 8: estimate the modulation amplitude and phase of the $k$ th component:

15

\begin{array}{l} {\hat{A}}_{m}^{(k)} = \sqrt{(x_{m}^{(k)})^{2} + (y_{m}^{(k)})^{2}}, \\ {\hat{θ}}_{m}^{(k)} = a r c t a n (\frac{y_{m}^{(k)}}{x_{m}^{(k)}}) . \end{array}

Step 9: filter out the kth component by demodulating the current signal, i.e.:

16

x_{d} (n) = x (n) e x p (- j \frac{{\hat{A}}_{m}^{(k)}}{\hat{f} {}_{m}^{(k)}} s i n (2 π {\hat{f}}_{m}^{(k)} n Δ t + {\hat{θ}}_{m}^{(k)})) .

Calculate the spectrum $X_{d} (k)$ of the demodulated signal, and remove the component of zero frequency by setting $X_{d} (0)$ and several adjacent points to 0. Then calculate $x_{f} (n) = I D F T [X_{d} (k)]$ and modulate it to eliminate the frequency shift of the residual component caused by demodulation [21]:

17

x_{m} (n) = x_{f} (n) e x p (j \frac{{\hat{A}}_{m}^{(k)}}{\hat{f} {}_{m}^{(k)}} s i n (2 π {\hat{f}}_{m}^{(k)} n Δ t + {\hat{θ}}_{m}^{(k)})) .

Step 10: set $x (n) = x_{m} (n)$ and go to step 2.

For underwater propeller target, the obtained parameter ${\hat{f}}_{m}^{(k)}$ is the rotation frequency of the propeller, the obtained parameter ${\hat{A}}_{m}^{(k)}$ is the frequency peak value of the micro-Doppler spectrum. So, the physical size of the propeller can be obtained by ${\hat{f}}_{m}^{(k)}$ and ${\hat{A}}_{m}^{(k)}$ . ${\hat{θ}}_{m}^{(k)}$ is the initial phase of the propeller blade which can calculated its initial position of the propeller blade. Thus, more precise target features can be obtained.

4. Simulation

Assume that the emission frequency of the acoustic detection equipment is 10 kHz single frequency continuous wave signal, the detection equipment is 1000 m away from the target, the blade length $l =$ 0.5 m, rotation speed $r =$ 4 r/s and the initial rotation angle at the time $t = 0$ are 0°, 120° and 240°, and $β =$ 0°, the micro-Doppler characteristics of the propeller echo signal will be like what is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3Micro-Doppler characteristics of echo signal

The concentration variation curve of micro-Doppler spectrum for frequency estimation is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4Concentration variation curve of micro-Doppler spectrum for frequency estimation

It can be seen from the figure above that the peak appears at 4 Hz, which is the propeller rotation speed. So, the frequency of micro-Doppler spectrum is accurately estimated.

Fig. 5 shows the IRT transformation results of micro-Doppler spectrum. There are three obvious peaks in the figure. Therefore, it can be determined that there are three blades.

Fig. 5Inverse Radon transform of micro-Doppler spectrum

So, the characteristic parameters of micro-Doppler spectrum can be estimated, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1Estimated parameters of micro-Doppler spectrum

	Amplitude		Initial phase
	True value	Estimated value	True value	Estimated value
The first component	167	167.3	0°	–1°
The second component	167	165.8	120°	119.9^o
The third component	167	166.5	240°	239.8^o

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the propeller target has three blades; the rotation speed is about 4 r/s; the propeller blade length is about 0.5 m; and the three blades are symmetrically distributed in space.

5. Conclusions

Aiming at better solving the problem of micro-Doppler parameter estimation of underwater propeller, a parameter estimation method based on IRT is proposed in this paper. Though the simulation analysis in Chapter 4, we can find that the method can estimate the change frequency of the micro-Doppler spectrum by the concentration variation of micro-Doppler spectrum, can estimate the amplitude and initial phase of the micro-Doppler spectrum by its IRT results. By means of relationship between them, we can obtain the propeller rotation speed, blade length, blade number and blade initial spatial position, which is the fine characteristics of underwater target and can be applied to underwater target recognition.

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About this article

Received

22 June 2022

Accepted

19 September 2022

Published

17 October 2022

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21595/jme.2022.22781

Keywords

parameter estimation

inverse Radon transform

micro-Doppler

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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T. Bo, Z. Linsen, and T. Siwei, “Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform,” Journal of Measurements in Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 179–187, Oct. 2022, https://doi.org/10.21595/jme.2022.22781

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TY  - JOUR
DO  - 10.21595/jme.2022.22781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.21595/jme.2022.22781
TI  - Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform
T2  - Journal of Measurements in Engineering
AU  - Bo, Tang
AU  - Linsen, Zhang
AU  - Siwei, Tan
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/10/17
PB  - JVE International Ltd.
SP  - 179-187
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
SN  - 2335-2124
SN  - 2424-4635
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@article{Bo_2022,
	doi = {10.21595/jme.2022.22781},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.21595/jme.2022.22781},
	year = 2022,
	month = {oct},
	publisher = {{JVE} International Ltd.},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	pages = {179--187},
	author = {Tang Bo and Zhang Linsen and Tan Siwei},
	title = {Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform},
	journal = {Journal of Measurements in Engineering}
}

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[1]T. Bo, Z. Linsen, and T. Siwei, “Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform,” Journal of Measurements in Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179–187, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.21595/jme.2022.22781.

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Bo, Tang, Zhang Linsen, and Tan Siwei. “Parameter Estimation of Underwater Propeller Based on Inverse Radon Transform.” Journal of Measurements in Engineering 10, no. 4 (October 17, 2022): 179–87. https://doi.org/10.21595/jme.2022.22781.

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Parameter estimation of underwater propeller based on inverse Radon transform

Abstract

Highlights

1. Introduction

2. The micro-Doppler characteristics of propeller

3. Micro Doppler parameter estimation method based on inverse Radon transform

3.1. Basic concepts of inverse Radon transform

3.2. Micro-Doppler parameter estimation based on inverse Radon transform

3.3. Parameter estimation steps

4. Simulation

5. Conclusions

References

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